Islamic History Timeline

************************* BC *************************
700,000 human tools found on Suffolk coast
130,000 Neanderthal Britain
25,000 Ice Age Northern Europe
12,000 Melting Age, Homo sapien Northern Europe
3,000 New Stone Age
3500: Mesopotamia civilization???

3300: Early Bronze Age
****************************
3300: Indus Valley civilization???
3200: Egyptian hieroglyphs used
3100: Early Dynastic period of Egypt
3000: Early writing
2900: Egyptian First Dynasty
2803: Predynastic China
2700: Aegean civiization
2600: Mayan civilization???
2600: Harappan Cividation
2500: Great Pyramid d Giza
2400: Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia.
2100: Xia Dynasty
2100: 1st Intermediate Period of Egypt 

2000: Middle Bronze Age
*****************************
1900: Sumerian Renaissance
1800: Hammurabi
1700: 2nd Intermediate Period of Egypt

1600; Late Bronze Age
**************************
1600: Mycenaean Greece
1600: Shang Dynasty of China
1550: Amarna Period in Egypt
1500; sack of Babylon
1500: Gandhara Civilization
1400; Hittite Errpire
1279: ***** Ramesses II
1200: Bronze Age collapse

1200: Begining of Iron Age
******************************
1200: Trojan War
1200: Pirac civlization in Baluchistan
1136 Pharaoh Tutankhamen
1100; Ancient Pueblo People forms

900: Neo-Assyrian Empire

************************* Greek Civilization *************************
800: Archaic Greece
********************* 
763: First Olympics
561: Late Archaic.  Peisistratos takes power in Athens

480 :Classical Greece.
********************* 
480: Aegina and Andros are impressed into the Hellenic League

400 Democritus, Greek philosopher, develops Atomic theory, believes cause and necessity, nothing comes out of nothing
399: Socrates, Greek philosopher, condemned to death for corrupting youth.
347 Plato, Greek philosopher, founder of Academy, dies.
342 Aristotle, Greek philosopher, begins teaching Alexander, son of Philip of Macedon.

323: Hellenistic Greece. 
***************************
323: King Alexander dies
265: Archimedes develops Archimedes' screw, specific gravity, center of gravity; anticipates discoveries of integral calculus.

Classical Antiquity
*********************

************************* 753: Roman Civilization ************************* 
600: Achaemenid Ernpire
634: ***** Nebuchadnezzar II
600: ***** Cyrus

563 Prince Siddhartha Gautama

550: Achaemenid Empire

530: Early Middle Ages
****************************
509: Roman Republic

500: Classical period
        Celtic Britain

475: *****Darius II

381: *****Darius III

356: *****Alexander is born
300; Hellenism
200: Maurya Empire
100; Roman Empire

122: Adnan is born
89: Ma'ad is born
56: Nizar is born
23: Mudar is born

************************* Birth of Jesus *************************

• 10:  Ilyas is born
• 30: Jesus crucified per Christians
• 43:  Mudrikah is born 
•        Roman Britain
• 44:  Julies Ceaser killed
• 76:  Khuzaimah is born
•        Emperor Hadrian born
• 80   The Colosseum completed
• 109: Kinanah is born
•         Harian builds wall on Scott border
• 140  Roman Scottland
• 142: An-Nadr (Quraysh) is born
• 175: Malik is born
• 208: Fihr is born
• 241: Ghalib is born
• 274: Lu'ay is born

300: Late Antiquity
*********************

• 306: Constantine 
• 307: Ka'ab is born
• 340: Murrah is born
• 373: Kilab is born
• 400: Gupta Empire
• 406: Qusai is born
• 439:  Abd Manaf is born
• 450:  End of Roman Britain, Angles attack from S Denmark, Saxons from Germany, Jutes from Jutland
• 464:  Hashim is born
• 497:  Abdul-Muttalib is born
• 545: ***** Birth of Abdullah father of prophet
• 569: ##### death of Abdullah father of prophet
• 570: Year of the Elephants

************************* 570 Birth of Muhammad *************************

• 573: ***** Birth of Abu Bakr
• 576: ##### Death of prophet mother Aminah ##
• 578: ##### Death of Abdul Muttalib grandfather of prophet
• 579: ***** Birth of Uthman
• 582: Muhammad's journey to Syria and meeting Christian monk Bahira
• 584: ***** Birth of Umar
• 586: War of Fijar
• 590: Hilf al-Fudul
• 594: Muhammad works for Khadija; leads her trade caravan to Syria
• 595: Muhammad marries Khadija
• 598: ***** Birth of Zainab
• 601: ***** Birth of Ruqayyah
• 601: ***** Birth of Ali 

• 603: ***** Birth of Umm Kulthum
• 604: ***** Birth of Fatimah
• 605: Muhammad helps rebuild the Ka'ba.

######################### ADVENT OF ISLAM #########################

610: 1st revealation
**********************

• 610: 9 Feb - The first revelation of the Qur'an
• 613: Declaration at Mount Safa inviting the general public to Islam.

• 614: First migration to Abyssinia.
• 615: Acceptance of Islam by Umar and Hamza
• 616: Second migration to Abyssinia.
• 617: Boycott of the Hashemites and Muhammad by the Quraish.
• 619: April/May - Lifting of the boycott. 
• Year of Sorrow - Deaths of Abu Talib and Khadija, 
• 620: Visit to Taif
• Ascension to the heavens
• 621: 1st Pledge of Uqaba
• 622: 2nd Pledge of Uqaba

622: Migration to Medina
***********************

• 622: 9-20 Sep, Migration to Medina
• 623: Jan - Constitution of Medina and Establishment of Islamic state
• 624: Battle of Badr, 
• Expulsion of the Bani Qainuqa Jews
• Change in direction of prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca
• 624: ##### Death of Ruqayyah
• 625: Battle of Uhud
• Expulsion of Banu Nadir Jews
• 625: ***** Birth of Hasan ibn Ali
• 626: ***** Birth of Husayn ibn Ali
• 627: Battle of the Trench, 
• Invasion of Banu Qurayza
• 628: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
• Battle of Khaybar. 
• Letters to various heads of states.
• 629: Pilgrimage to Mecca. 
• Battle at Mu'ta against Ghassanids involving Byzantine Empire
• Death of Zaid bin Haritha, Jaffer bin Abi Talib, Abdullah Rawaha
• 629: ##### Death of Zainab

630: Conquest of Mecca
**********************

• 630: 11 January - Conquest of Mecca
• Battle at Hunayn against Hawazin
• Battle of Autas against Thakefites, Hawazins, Joshimites, Saadites
• Siege of Ta'if against Banu Thaqif
• 630: ##### Death of Umm Kulthum
• 631: Expedition to Tabouk, Ghassanids.
• Death of Ibrahim from Maria al-Qibtiyya.
• Tribe of Thaqif adopts Islam.
• 632: 6 March - Farewell pilgrimage to Mecca.
• 632: 8 June - Death of Muhammad.  

######################### POST PROPHET #########################

632: Abu Bakr 1st caliph
**********************

• Abu Bakr is chosen as caliph after a fight at Banu Saqifa

Ridda Wars

• Buzakha: battles of Zu Qissa, Zu Abraq, Buzakha, Ghamra, Naqra, Zafar
• Nejd: Against Sajjah and ally Malik ibn Nuwayrah
• Yamamah: Against Musailima
• Oman: Against Laqeet bin Malik of Azd tribe
• Syrian border: Against  Quza'a and Wadi'a tribes of the Bani Kalb
• Yemen: Against Ghayth ibn Abd Yaghuth
• Jairut: Mahra, Ikrama bin Abu Jahl subdues local tribes into revert to Islam
• Bahrain: Recaptured by Ula bin Al Hadhram
• Hadarmut: Against Ash'as bin Qais won by combined forces of Ziyad bin Lubaid and Muhajir bin Abi Umayyah, subsequently reinforced by Ikrama

End of Ridda Wars

• Death of ##### Fatimah

633: Raids in Iraq

• Battle of Chains. Khalid bin Waleed defeated Persians and captured Hira
• Battle of Saniyy, Walaja. Ullais, Hira, Al-Anbar, Ayn al-Tam, Dawmat al-Jandal, Firaz.
• 634: 22 August - Death of Abu Bakr.

634: Umar 2nd caliph
*******************

• 634: Battle of Bosra, 
• Battle of Damascus
• Battle of Ajnadin
• Battle of Namaraq
• Battle of Saqatia
• 635: Battle of Bridge
• Battle of Buwaib
• Conquest of Damascus
• Battle of Fahl
• 636: Battle of Yarmuk
• Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
• Conquest of Madain. 
• Naval raid by Muslims on at Tanah, near Mumbai.
• 637: Conquest of Syria, 

637: Conquest of Jerusalem 
-------------------------------

• Battle of Jalula.
• 638: Conquest of Jazirah.
• 639: Conquest of Khuzistan. 
• Advance into Egypt. 
• Plague of Emmaus.
• 640: Battle of Babylon in Egypt.
• 641: Conquest of Alexandria in Egypt.
• 642: Battle of Nihawand; 
• Conquest of Egypt.
• 643: Conquest of Azarbaijan
• Conquest of Tabaristan (Mazandaran).
• 644: Conquest of Fars, Kerman, Sistan, Mekran and Kharan.
• 644: 5 November Assassination of Umar.

646: Uthman 3rd caliph
*********************

• 646: Muslims invade Khurasan, Armenia and Asia Minor.
• 647: Muslims invade North Africa. 
• Conquest of the island of Cyprus.
• 648: Muslims battle against the Byzantines.
• 650: First conflict between Arabs and Turks. 
• Khazars defeated an Arab force led by Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah outside the Khazar town of Balanjar.
• 652: Disaffection against the rule of Uthman.
• 655: Naval battle of the Masts against the Byzantines.
• 656: 17 June - Assassination of Uthman,

646: Ali the fourth caliph
**********************

• 656: 10 December - Battle of the Camel.
• 657: Ali shifts the capital from Medina to Kufa. 
• Battle of Siffin.
• 658: Battle of Nahrawan.
• 659: Conquest of Egypt by Muawiyah I.
• 660: Ali recaptures Hijaz and Yemen from Muawiyah.
• 661: 29 January - Ali ibn Abi Talib assassinated.

######################### END OF CALIPHATE #########################

************************* RISE OF UMAYYAD EMPIRE *************************

661: Muawiyah-i 1st Umayyad

661: Hassan 2nd Imam
------------------------

• 662: Kharijites' revolts.
• 666: Muawia bin Hudeij raids Sicily. 
• Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr, Muhammad ibn Maslamah and Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan dies.
• 669: Death of Imam Hassan RA

669: Hussain 3rd Imam
------------------------

• 670: Advance in North Africa. Uqba bin Nafe founds the town of Kairouan in Tunisia. 
• Conquest of Kabul.
• 672: Capture of the island of Rhodes. 
• Muslims invade Khurasan.
• 674: The Muslims cross the Oxus. 
• Bukhara becomes a vassal state.
• 677: Occupation of Samarkand and Tirmiz. 
• Siege of Constantinople.
• 680: 28 April - Death of Muawiyah

680: Yazid-ii 2nd Umayyad

• 27 April 680: Yazid becomes 2nd emperor.
• 680: 10 October - Battle of Karbala.  Death of Imam Hussain RA

680: Ali Zainulabideen 4th Imam
------------------------------------

• 682: Uqba bin Nafe marches to the Atlantic, is ambushed and killed at Biskra, North Africa. The Muslims evacuate Kairouan and withdraw to Burqa
• 683: 11 November - Death of Yazid

683: Muawiya-ii 3rd Umayyad

• 683: 11 November - Muawiya ibn Yazid becomes 3rd Emperor
• 684: Abd Allah ibn Zubayr declares himself as the caliph at Mecca.
• 684: June - Muawiya II abdicated.

684: Marwan 4th Umayyad

• 12 April 685 Marwan ibn al-Hakam becomes 4th Emperor
• Battle of Marj Rahit.
• 685: Death of Marwan

685: Abdal-Malik 5th Umayyad

• 12 April 685 Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan becomes the 5th Emperor
• Battle of 'Ayn al-Warda.
• 686: Al-Mukhtar declares himself as the caliph at Kufa.
• 687: Battle of Kufa between Mukhtar and Abd Allah ibn Zubayr. Mukhtar killed.
• 691: Battle of Maskin. Kufa falls to Abd al-Malik.
• 692: October - The fall of Mecca. Death of ibn Zubayr.
• 695: Kharijites' revolts in Jazira and Ahwaz. 
• Battle of the Karun. 
• Muslims wage war against Kahina in North Africa. 
• The Muslims once again withdraw to Barqa. 
• They advance in Transoxiana and occupy Kish.
• 700: Muslims attack the pagan Berbers in North Africa and converts them to Islam
• 701: Ibn al-Ash'ath's rebellion in Iraq, battle of Dayr al-Jamajim.

• 705 1st Transoxiana battle - Caputure by Qutayba ibn Muslim.
• 705: Death of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. 

705: al-Walid 6th Umayyad

• 8 October 705  Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik 6th Emperor
• 711: Conquest of Spain by Tariq ibn Ziyad
• 712: Conquest of Sindh by Muhammad ibn Qasim
• 713: Ali ibn Husayn, the fourth Imam was poisoned

713: Muhammad al-Baqir 5th Imam
----------------------------------------

• 713: Conquest of Multan.
• 715: Death of Walid I. 

715: Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik 7th Umayyad

• 23 February 715 Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik becomes Umayyad Emperor.
• 717: Beginning of the Second Arab siege of Constantinople. 
• Death of Sulayman. 

717: Umar bin Abd al-Aziz becomes 8th Umayyad

• 22 September 717 Umar II becomes 8th Umayyad Emperor
• Pact of Umar.
• 718 End of the Second Arab siege of Constantinople.
• 720: Death of Umar bin Abd al-Aziz 

720: Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik 9th Umayyad

• Yazid II becomes Umayyad Emperor.
• 721: Battle of Qasr Bahili - 1st against Turgesh under Kursul.
• 724: Death of Yazid II. 

724: Hisham 10th Umayyad

• 724: Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik 10th Emperor.
• 724: Battle of Day of Thirst - Turgesh defeat Muslim ibn Sa'id al-Kilabi 
• 725: The Muslims occupy Nîmes in France.
• 729: Battle of Baykand - Khurasani army under al-Sulami recovers Bukhara. 
• 729: Siege of Kamarja - By the retreating Turgesh
• 730: Khazars invade northwestern Iran and defeat the Umayyad forces at the Battle of Marj Ardabil, killing the Arab governor al-Djarrah al-Hakami and briefly occupying the town
• 731: Battle of the Defile - Khurasani Arab army suffers casualties against the Turgesh.
• 732: The Battle of Tours in France.

734: Rebellion of al-Harith ibn Surayj

• 734: Rebellion of al-Harith ibn Surayj erupts in Khurasan.
• 735: Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri arrives in Khurasan and suppresses al-Harith's rebellion.
• 737: The Muslims meet a reverse at Avignon in France.
• 737: Marwan II cross the Caucasus and defeat a Khazar army of Hazer Tarkhan, briefly occupying Atil

• 737: Battle of Baggage - Turgesh capture Ummayad baggage line.
• 737: Battle of Kharistan - Turgesh invasion of Khurasan driven back.
• 740: Shi'a Zaydi Revolt under Zayd ibn Ali. 
• Battle of the Nobles - Berber revolt in North Africa
• Battle of Akroinon against the Byzantines.
• 741: Battle of Bagdoura in North Africa.
• 742: The Muslim rule restored in Qairawan
• 743: Muhammad al-Baqir is poisoned.
• Death of Hisham. 

743:Jafar al-Sadiq 6th Imam
--------------------------------

743: al-Walid II 11th Umayyad

• 6 February 743 Al-Walid ibn Yazid  becomes 11th Emperor
• Shi'a revolt in Khurasan under Yahya ibn Zayd
• 744: Deposition of Walid ibn Yazid 

744: Yazid III 12th Umayyad

• 17 April 744 Yazid ibn al-Walid becomes 12th Umayyad emperor
• 744 Yazid ibn al-Walid  dies the same year

744: Ibrahim 13th Umayyad

• 4 October 744 Ibrahim ibn al-Walid becomes 13th Umayyad
• Battle of Ain al Jurr
• Ibrahim ibn al-Walid overthrown the same year.

744: Marwan 14th Umayyad

• Marwan II ibn Muhammad becomes 14th and last Umayyad
• Kufa and Mosul occupied by the Kharijites
• 746: Battle of Rupar Thutha, Kufa and Mosul occupied by Marwan II
• 747: Revolt of Abu Muslim in Khurasan
• 748: Battle of Rayy
• 749: Battle of Isfahan
• Battle of Nihawand
• Capture of Kufa by the Abbasids

######################### END OF UMAYYAD #########################

************************* RISE OF ABBASI EMPIRE *************************

750: As-Saffah 1st Abbasid

• 750: Battle of Zab
• Fall of Damascus

• 751: Conquest of Wasit by the Abbasids. Murder of the Minister Abu Salama.
• 751: In the Battle of Talas, the Abbasid armies defeat Tang Dynasty of China.
• 754: Death of Saffah.

754: Mansur 2nd Abbasid

• Rebellion of Mansur's uncle Abdallah ibn Ali.
• 755: Murder of Abu Muslim. 
• Sunbadh revolt in Khurasan.

************************* Umayyad Emirate in Spain *************************

756: Abd-ar-rahman I 1st Emir

• 756: Abd-ar-rahman I founds the Umayyad state in Spain.
• 758: Khazar army under Ras Tarkhan invaded and temporarily occupied parts of Azerbaijan and Arran.
• 759: Abbasid conquest of Tabaristan.
• 762: Revolt of Muhammad Nafs Zakiyya.
• 763: Foundation of Baghdad. 
• Defeat of the Abbasids in Spain.
• 765: Jafar Sadiq the sixth imam is poisoned.

765: Musa Kazim 7th Imam
------------------------------

• 766: Sayram in Central Asia taken from the Nestorians. Evangelical army of Arab Muslims and recent converts led by Abd Aziz.
• 767: Khariji state set up by Ibn Madrar at Sijilmasa. Ustad Sees revolt in Khurasan.
• 772: Battle of Janbi in North Africa. Rustamid state set up in Morocco.
• 775: Death or the Abbasid Mansur, 

775: Mahdi 3rd Abbasid

• Accession of Mahdi.
• 777: Siege of Saragossa in Spain.
• 782: Harun Rashid leads a huge expedition against the Byzantines and reaches Chalcedon.

• 785: Death of the Emperor Mahdi. 

785: Hadi 4 Abbasid

• 786: Alid rebellion in Mecca is suppressed in the Battle of Fakhkh.
• 786: Death of Hadi

786: Harun Rashid 5 Abbasid

• 788: Idrisid state set up in the Maghrib. 
• Death of Abd ar-Rahman I of Spain

788: Hisham I 2nd Emir

• 792: Invasion of South France
• 796: Death of Hisham in Spain

796: Hakam I 3rd Emir

• 799: Defeat of an invasion by the Khazars.
• 800: Musa Kazim is poisoned in prison of Harun Rashid. 

800: Ali Rida 8th Imam
------------------------

• 800 Aghlabid rule is established in North Africa.
• 803: Downfall of the Barmakids. Execution of Ja'far ibn Yahya.
• 804: ***** Birth of Bayazid Bastami

• 805: Outbreak of revolt of Rafi ibn Layth in Khurasan.
• 806: Harun Rashid leads a huge campaign against the Byzantines.
• 809: Death of Harun Rashid. 

809: Amin 6 Abbasid

• 811: Abbasid Civil War: Battle of Rayy in Persia.
• 812, August: Abbasid Civil War: the Siege of Baghdad begins
• 813, September: Abbasid Civil War:
• death of al-Amin

813: Ma'mun 7 Abbasid

• 815: Shi'a revolt under Abu 'l-Saraya al-Sirri in Iraq. 
• Harthama ibn A'yan quells the revolt.
• 816: Shi'a revolt in Mecca; 
• Umayyads capture the island of Corsica. 
• Harthama ibn A'yan is executed.
• 818: Ali al-Rida dies in Mashhad. 

818: Muhammad al-Taqi 9th Imam
---------------------------------------

• The Umayyads of Spain capture the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Sardinia.

820: Begining of Tahirid Dynasty

• 820: Tahir ibn Husayn establishes the rule of the Tahirids in Khurasan.
• 822: Death of al-Hakam I in Spain; 

Abd ar-Rahman II 4th Emir

• 823: Death of Tahir Ibn Husayn 
• Accession of Talha and his deposition. 
• Accession of Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani.
• 825: Establishment of the Emirate of Crete.
• Ma'mun declares the Mu'tazili creed as the state religion. 
• Beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily.
• 830: ***** Birth of Junayd of Baghdad **
• 833: 9 August— Death of Ma'mun.

833: Mu'tasim 8 Abbasid

• 835: Muhammad al-Taqi is poisoned. 

835: Ali Hadi Naqi 10th Imam
--------------------------------

• 836: al-Mu'tasim moves the capital to Samarra.
• 837: Revolt of the Jats.
• 838: Revolt of Babak Khorramdin in Azarbaijan suppressed. 
• Sack of Amorium by al-Mu'tasim.
• 839: Revolt of Mazyar in Tabaristan. 
• The Muslims occupy South Italy. 
• Capture of the city of Messina in Sicily.
• 842: 5 January— Death of al-Mu'tasim, accession of 

842: Wathiq 9 Abbasid

• 843: Revolts of the Arabs. 
• Unsuccessful Byzantine attempt to reconquer the Emirate of Crete.
• 846: Battle of Mauropotamos between Byzantines and Abbasids in Asia Minor.
• 847: Death of Wathiq, 

847: al-Mutawakkil 10 Abbasid

• 850: Al-Mutawakkil restores orthodoxy.
• 849: Death of the Tahirid ruler Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani; 
• accession of Tahir II.
• 852: Death of Abd ar-Rahman II of Spain

852: Muhammad I 5th Emir

• 856: Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz founds the Habbarid rule in Sind.
• 858: Al-Mutawakkil founds the town of Jafariya.
• 860: Ahmad founds the Samanid rule in Transoxiana.
• 861: Murder of the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil

861: al-Muntasir 11 Abbasid

• Beginning of the "Anarchy at Samarra".
• 862: Muntasir poisoned to death; 

862: al-Musta'in 12 Abbasid

• 863: The Battle of Lalakaon breaks the power of the emirate of Malatya. 
• Start of the Byzantine counter-offensive.
• 864: Zaydi state established in Tabaristan by Hasan ibn Zayd (Alavids).
• 866: Abbasid Civil War: Al-Musta'in flees from Samarra, his deposition

866: al-Mu'tazz 13 Abbasid

• Muhammad ibn Yusuf Al-Ukhaidhir, a descendent of Ali, establishes an independent kingdom in Yamamah.
• 867: Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar founds the Saffarid rule in Sistan.
• 868: Ali al-Hadi is poisoned.

868: Hasan al-Askari 11th Imam
------------------------------------

• Ahmad ibn Tulun finds the Tulunid rule in Egypt
• 869: The Abbasid Mu'tazz forced to abdicate and dies

869: al-Muhtadi 14 Abbasid

• Beginning of Zanj Rebellion in Basra.
• 870: Turks revolt against Muhtadi, his death 

870: al-Mu'tamid 15 Abbasid

• 871: Bari is captured by Louis II of Italy, ending the Emirate of Bari.

• 873: Tahirid rule extinguished.
• 874: #### Death of Bayazid Bastami ##
• 874: Death of Hasan al-Askari 

Muhammad al-Mahdi 12th and last Imam

----------------------------

######################### END OF IMAMATE #########################

• 874 Zanji state established at al-Muktara during the Zanj Rebellion in South Iraq. 
• Death of the Samanid ruler Ahmad, accession of Nasr I.
• 877: Death of Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar in Sistan, accession of Amr bin Layth.
• 878: Fall of Syracuse to the Muslims.
• 883: End of Zanj Rebellion
• 885: Death of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Egypt, accession of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun.
• 886: Death of Muhammad I

al-Mundhir 6th Emir

• Death of Abdullah ibn Umar the Habbari ruler of Sind.
• 888: Death of Mundhir the Umayyad ruler of Spain, 

Abdullah ibn Muhammad 7th Emir

• accession of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi.
• 891: The Qarmatian state established at Bahrain.
• 892: Abbasid al-Mu'tamid death

al-Mu'tadid 16 Abbasid

• Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr, 
• accession of Ismail I.
• 893: Zaydi Imamate is established in Yemen by al-Hadi Yahya ibn al-Husayn ibn al-Qasim
• 894: The Rustamids become the vassals of Spain.
• 896: Death of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun; 
• accession of Abu 'l-Asakir Jaysh.
• 897: Assassination of Abu 'l-Asakir Jaysh; 
• accession of Abu Musa Harun.
• 898: Qarmatians sack Basra.
• 902: Death of the Abbasid al-Mu'tadid; 

al-Muktafi 17 Abbasid

• Death of the Saffarid ruler Amr bin Laith. 
• Fall of Taormina signals the completion of the Muslim conquest of Sicily.
• 903: Assassination of the Qarmatian ruler Abu-Sa'id Jannabi; accession of Abu Tahir.
• 905: Abdallah bin Hamdan founds the Hamdanid rule in Mosul and Jazira. 
• End of the Tulunid rule in Egypt.
• 908: Death of the Abbasid Muktafi

al-Muqtadir 18 Abbasid

• End of the Saffarid rule, annexation of their territories by the Samanids.

RISE OF FATMID EMPIRE

*************************

Mahdi Billah 1st Fatmid

• 909: Sa'id ibn Husayn expels Aghlabids Ziyadat Allah from the region and founds the Fatimid rule in North Africa.  Changes his title to Imam Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah.
• 910: ##### Death of Junayd of Baghdad ##
• 912: Death of the Abdallah ibn Muhammad Emir.

Abd-ar-rahman III 8th Emir

• 913: Assassination of the Samanid ruler Ahmad, 
• accession of Nasr II.
• 928: Mardavij ibn Ziyar founds the Ziyarid rule in Tabaristan.

• 929: Qarmatians sack Mecca and carry away the Black Stone from the Kaaba. 

• In Spain, Abd-ar-rahman III declares himself Caliph of Córdoba.
• 931: Deposition and restoration of the Abbasid al-Muqtadir. 

931: Qahir 19, Muqtadir 20 Abbasid

• Death of the Qarmatian ruler Abu Tahir, accession of Abu Mansur.
• 932: Death of the Abbasid Muqtadir

932: Qahir 21 Abbasid

932 : Satuq Bughra Khan embraced Islam
************************************************

• 932 : ***** Satuq Bughra Khan of Karahan Turks embraced Islam
• 934: Deposition of the Abbasid al-Qahir;

Radi 22 Abbasid

• Death of the Fatimid Ubaidullah;

Qaim 2nd Fatmid

• Imad al-Dawla establishes Buwayhid power in Fars.
• 935: Rukn al-Dawla conquers Ray and establishes the Buwayhid government there. 
• Assassination of the Ziyarid ruler Mardavij; accession of Vushmgir. 
• Death of Hamdanid ruler Abdallah ibn Hamdan, accession of Nasir al-Dawla.
• 936: By coup, Ibn Raiq becomes the Amir al-Umara under Abbasid ar-Radi.
• 938: By another coup, power at Baghdad is captured by Bajkam.
• 940: Death of the Abbasid ar-Radi

Muttaqi 23 Abbasid

• 941: Death of Bajkam, capture of power by Kurtakin.
• 942: Ibn Raiq recaptures power in Baghdad.
• 943: Al-Baridi captures power. The Abbasid al-Muttaqi is forced to seek refuge with the Hamdanids. 
• Nasir al-Dawla captures power at Baghdad and the emperor returns to Baghdad. Power is captured by Tuzun and Nasir al-Dawla retires to Mosul. 
• Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr II
• accession of Nuh I.
• 944: al-Muttaqi is blinded and deposed

Mustakfi 24 Abbasid

• 945: Death of Tuzun. Shirzad becomes Amir ul-Uamra. Mu'izz al-Dawla captures power and establishes the Buwayhid dynasty in Iraq. 
• 946 Jan-29 Deposition of the Abbasid al-Mustakfi.

Muti 25 Abbasid

• 946: Death of the Fatimid Al-Qaim. 

Mansur 3rd Fatmid

• Death of the Ikhshid ruler Muhammad bin Tughj, 
• accession of Abul Qasim Ungur. 
• Sayf al-Dawla establishes himself at Aleppo
• 949: Death of the Buwayhid shah of Fars, 'Imad al-Dawla. Accession of 'Adud al-Dawla.
• 951: The Qarmatians restore the Black Stone to the Kaaba.

Muizz 4th Fatmid

• 954: Death of the Samanid ruler Nuh I, accession of 'Abd al-Malik I.
• 961: Death of the Samanid ruler 'Abd al-Malik I, accession of Mansur I.
• 961: Turkish mameluk Alptigin founds the rule of the Ghazanavids.
• 961: Death of the Umayyad Abd-ar-Rahman III

Hakam II 9th Emir

• Death of the Ikhshid ruler Ungur 
• accession of Abul Hasan Ali.
• 963: ***** Birth of Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani **
• 965: Death of the Qarmatian ruler Abu Mansur; 
• accession of Hasan Azam. 
• Assassination of the Ikhshid ruler Abul Hasan Ali; 
• power captured by Malik Kafur. 
• Fall of Tarsus to the Byzantines.
• 967: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Mu'izz al-Dawla, 
• accession of 'Izz al-Dawla. 
• Death of the Hamdanid ruler Sayf al-Dawla.
• 968: Death of the Ikhshid ruler Malik Kafur; 
• accession of Abul Fawaris.
• 969: Byzantines occupy Antioch and force Aleppo to become a protectorate
• The Fatimids conquer Egypt.
• 972: Buluggin ibn Ziri founds the rule of the Zirids in Algeria.
• 973: Shi'a Sunni disturbances in Baghdad; 
• power captured in Baghdad by the Turkish General Sabuktigin.
• 974: Abdication of the Abbasid Al-Muti

Ta'i 26 Abbasid

• 975: Death of the Fatimid al-Muizz.

Aziz 5th Fatmid

• 976: The Buwayhid Sultan 'Izz al-Dawla recaptures power with the help of his cousin 'Adud al-Dawla.
• Death of the Samanid Mansur I, accession of Nuh II. 
• Death of the Umayyad al-Hakam II,

Hisham II 10th Emir

• 977: Sabuktigin becomes the amir of Ghaznavids.
• 978: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan 'Izz al-Dawla, 
• power captured by 'Adud al-Dawla who ruled former in Fars. 
• The Hamdanids of Aleppo overthrown by the Buwayhids.
• 981: End of the Qarmatian rule at Bahrain.
• 982: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Adud al-Dawla; accession of Samsam al-Dawla.
• 984: Death of the Zirid dynasty ruler Buluggin, accession of al-Mansur ibn Buluggin.
• 986: The Buwayhid Sultan Samsam al-Dawla overthrown by Sharaf al-Dawla.
• 989: Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Sharaf al-Dawla, accession of Baha al-Dawla.
• 991: Deposition of the Abbasid at-Ta'i

al-Qadir 27 Abbasid

• 996: Death of the Zirid dynasty ruler Mansur, 
• accession of Badis ibn Mansur.
• Death of Fatmid Aziz

Hakim 6th Fatmid

• 997: Death of the Samanid ruler Nuh II, 
• accession of Mansur II.
• 998: Death of the Samanid ruler Mansur II, 
• accession of 'Abd al-Malik II. 
• Mahmud of Ghaznavid becomes the Amir of Ghazni.
• 999: Bughra Khan of Karahan Turks capture Bukhara.
• End of the Samanids.
• 999: global Muslim population was estimated at 10 million.

• 1001: Mahmud of Ghazni defeats the Hindu Shahis at Peshawar.^[1]
• 1004: Mahmud of Ghazni captures Bhatiya.
• 1005: Mahmud of Ghazni captures Multan and Ghur.
• 1008: Mahmud of Ghazni defeats the Rajput confederacy.

• 1010: Abdication of Hisham II in Spain. 

Muhammad II, 11th Emir

• 1011: Emir Muhammad II is overthrown by Sulaiman II.

Sulaiman II 12th Emir

Hisham II 10th Emir is 13th Emir

Sulaiman II 12th Emir is 14th Emir

al-Mu'ayti  15th Emir

• 1012: In Spain, power is captured by Bani Hamud. 
• Death of the Buwayhid Baha' al-Dawla, accession of Sultan al-Dawla.
• 1016: Death of the Zirid ruler Nasir al-Dawla Badis; accession of Al Muizz.

Abd-ar-Rahman IV 16th Emir

• 1019: Conquest of the Punjab by Mahmud of Ghazni.
• 1020: The Buwayhid Sultan al-Dawla is overthrown by Musharrif al-Dawla. 
• Death of the Fatimid Al Hakim, 

Zahir 7th Fatmid

• accession of Ali az-Zahir.
• 1024: Assassination of Emir Abd-ar-Rahman IV

Abd-ar-Rahman V 17th Emir

Muhammad III, 18th Emir

• 1025: Death of the Buwayhid Musharrif al-Dawla, 
• accession of Jalal al-Dawla.
• 1029: Death of Emir Mustaft

Hisham III 19th Emir

• 1030: Death of Mahmud of Ghazni.
• 1031: In Spain, deposition of Hisham III . 

• Death of the Abbasid Qadir

End of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba

************************************************

Qa'im 28 Abbasid

• 1033: ##### Death of Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani ##
• 1036: Death of the Fatimid Ali az-Zahir

Mustansir 8th Fatmid

Rise of Seljuq Dynasty

*************************

• 1037: Toghrül is crowned as the king of the Seljuqs.
• 1037: Seljuq Turks under Tuğrul Bey sack the city of Ghazni.
• 1040: Battle of Dandanaqan, the Seljuqs defeat the Ghazanavids. 
• Deposition of Mas'ud I of Ghazni Sultan, accession of Mohammad Ghaznavi. 
• Al Moravids come to power in North Africa.
• 1041: The Ghaznavid Sultan Mohammad Ghaznavi is overthrown by Maw'dud Ghaznavi.
• 1044: Death of the Buwayhid Jalal al-Dawla, accession of Abu Kalijar.
• 1046: Basasiri captures power in Baghdad.
• 1047: The Zirids in North Africa repudiate allegiance to the Fatimid and transfer allegiance to the Abbasids.
• 1048: Death of the Buwayhid Abu Kalijar, 
• accession of Malik Rahim.
• 1050: Yusuf ibn Tashfin comes to power in the Maghrib.
• 1055: Tuğrul Bey overthrows the Buwayhids.
• 1057: Basasiri recaptures power in Baghdad, deposes Qa'im and offers allegiance to the Fatimid .
• 1059: Tuğrul Bey recaptures power in Baghdad, Qa'im is restored as the emperor.
• 1060: Ibrahim of Ghazna becomes the Sultan. 
• Yusuf ibn Tashfin founds the city of Marrakesh.
• The Zirids abandon their capital Ashir and establish their capital at Bougie.
• 1062: Death of the Zirid ruler Al Muizz, accession of Tamin.
• 1063: Death of the Seljuq Sultan Tuğrul Bey accession of Alp Arslan.
• 1064 Seljuk army under Alp Arslan captured Ani and slaughtered its population
• 1071: Battle of Manzikert, the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV is taken captive by the Seljuq Turks.
• 1073: Death of Alp Arslan, accession of Malik Shah. 
• Badr Jamali takes power as the vizier of the Fatimid Empire.
• ***** Birth of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani **
• 1077: Death of the Abbasid Qa'im,

Muqtadi 29 Abbasid

• 1077: Seljuq Turks found Sultanate of Rûm in Turkey.
• 1082: The Almoravids conquer Algeria.
• 1085: After a four-year siege, Toledo delivers itself up to Alfonso VI.
• 1086: Battle of Zallakha. The Almoravids defeat the Christians in Spain.
• 1086: Death of Suleyman I of Rum, accession of Kilij Arslan I.
• 1090: Hassan-i Sabbah captures Alamut, making it an Isma'ilite stronghold.
• 1091: The Normans conquer the island of Sicily; end of the Muslim rule.
• 1092: Death of the Seljuq Sultan Malik Shah I, accession of Mahmud I of Great Seljuq.
• 1094: Death of Seljuq Sultan Mahmud I; accession of Barkiyaruq. 
• Death of the Abbasid Muqtadi,

Mustahzir 30 Abbasid

Musta‘lī 9th Fatmid

Begining of Crusades
*************************

Crusade 1

• 1095: First crusade
• 1099: The crusaders capture Jerusalem. 
• Global Muslim population had grown to 5 per cent of the total.

• 1101: Death of the Fatimid Musta'li

Amir 10th Fatmid

• 1105: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Barkiyaruq, accession Of Mehmed I of Great Seljuk.
• 1106: Death of the Al Moravid Yusuf bin Tashfin.
• 1107: Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Kilij Arslan I, succession of Malik Shah of Rüm.
• 1108: Death of the Zirid dynasty ruler Tamin, accession of Yahya of Zirid.
• 1111: ##### Al-Ghazali dies ##
• 1116: Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah. accession of Mas'ud of Rüm.
• 1118: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Muhammad; 
• accession of Mahmud II of Great Seljuk. 
• Death of the Abbasid Mustazhir

Mustarshid 31 Abbasid

• In Spain the Christians capture Zaragoza.

• 1121: Death of the Fatimid Amir

Hafiz 11th Fatmid

Zengid Dynasty

******************

• 1127: Imad ad-Din Zengi establishes the Zengid dynasty rule In Mosul.
• 1128: Death of the Khawarzam Shah Qutb ud Din Muhammad; accession of Atsiz.

• 1130: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mahmud II of Great Seljuk; accession of Toghrül II.
• 1135: Assassination of the Abbasid Mustarshid

Rashid 32 Abbasid

• Death of the Seljuk Sultan Toghrül II, 
• accession of Mas'ud of Great Seljuk.
• 1136: Deposition of the Abbasid Rashid

Muqtafi 33 Abbasid

• 1142: *****  Birth of Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti **

Second crusade

• 1144: Zengi captures Edessa from the Christians, 
• 1146: Death of Imad al-din Zengi, 

Nur ad-Din 2nd Zengid
Almohad Rule

• 1147: In the Maghrib Al Moravids overthrown by the Almohad under Abd Mu'min.
• 1148: End of the Zirid dynasty rule' in North Africa. 
• Siege of Damascus repulsed, thus effectively winning the Second Crusade.
• 1149: Death of the Fatimid Hafiz

Zafir 12th Fatmid

• 1152: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mas'ud of Great Seljuk, accession of Malik Shah III. 
• Hamadid rule extinguished in North Africa.
• 1153: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah III, accession of Mehmed II of Great Seljuk.
• 1154: Death of the Fatimid az-Zafir

Fa'iz 13th Fatmid

• 1156: Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan Mas'ud of Rüm, accession of Kilij Arslan II.
• 1159: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mehmed II of Great Seljuk, accession of Süleyman.
• 1160: Death of the Abbasid Muqtafi,

Mustanjid 34 Abbasid

• Death of the Fatimid Faiz

Adzid 14th & Last Fatmid

• 1161: Death of the Seljuk Süleyman of Great Seljuk, accession of Arslan Shah.
• 1163: Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min, accession of Yusuf I
• 1165: ***** Birth of Ibn Arabi
• 1166: ##### Death of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani
• 1170: Death of the Abbasid Mustanjid

Mustadi 35 Abbasid

• 1171: Death of the Fatimid Adid. 

End of the Fatimid Empire
#########################

Ayyubi Dynasty
******************

• Salahuddin founds the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt.
• 1172: Death of the Khawarzam Shah Arsalan, accession of Sultan Shah.
• 1173: The Khawarzam Shah Sultan Shah is overthrown by Tukush Shah.
• 1174: Saladin annexes Syria.
• ***** Birth of Baba Fareed **
• 1175: The Ghurids defeat the Guzz Turks and occupy Ghazni.
• 1176: Death of the Seljuk Sultan Arslan Shah, accession of Toghrül III.
• 1179: Death of the Abbasid Mustadi,

Nasir 36th Abbasid

• Shahab ud Din Ghuri captures Peshawar.
• 1185: Death of the Almohad ruler Yusuf I, accession of Yaqub
• 1186: The Ghurids overthrow the Ghaznavid in the Punjab.

third crusade 

• 1187: Saladin recaptures Jerusalem from the Christians, .
• 1191: First Battle of Tarain between the Rajputs and the Ghurids.
• 1192: Second Battle of Tarain.
• 1193: ##### Death of Salahuddin

Aziz Uthman 2nd Ayyubid

• 1194: Occupation of Delhi by the Muslims. 

End of the Seljuk rule

*************************

• 1198: Death of Aziz Ayyubid

Mansur 3rd Ayyubid

• 1199: Death of the Khawarzam Shah Tukush Shah; accession of Ala ud Din. 
• Death of the Almohad ruler Yaqub, Almohad ; accession of Muhammad an-Nasir. 
• Conquest of Northern India and Bengal by the Ghurids.
• 1202 Mansur Ayybid concedes to Adil I

Adil I (Saphadin) 4th Ayyubid

• 1202: Bakhtiyar Khalji conquers large parts of Bengal. 
• Death of the Ghurid Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad; accession of Mu'izz al-Din.
• 1204: Shahab ud Din Ghuri defeated by the Ghuzz Turks.
• 1206: Death of Shahab ud Din Ghuri. 

Indian Mamluk Dynasty

**************************

• Qutbu l-Din Aibak 1st Mamluk, crowned king in Lahore. 
• Tibetan Expedition of Islamic Bengal.
• 1207 ***** Birth of Rumi
• 1210: Assassination of the Ghurid Sultan Mahmud, accession of Sam. 
• Death of Qutb ud Din Aibak, accession of Aram Shah in India.
• 1211: End of the Ghurid rule, their territories annexed by the Khawarzam Shahs. 
• Aram Shah overthrown by Iltutmish
• 1212: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Spain, end of the Almohad rule by the Christians in Spain at the Las Navas de Tolosa. The Almohad Sultan Muhammad an-Nasir escapes to Morocco.
• 1213 Almohad Sultan Muhammad an-Nasir's death. Accession of his son Yusuf II, Almohad .
• 1216: The Marinids under their leader Abdul Haq occupy north eastern part of Morocco. The Almohad suffer defeat by the Marinids at the Battle of Nakur.
• 1217: The Marinids suffer defeat in the battle fought on the banks of the Sibu river. Abdul Haq is killed and the Marinids evacuate Morocco.
• 1218: Death of the Ayyubid ruler Adil I

Kamil 5th Ayyubid

• The Marinids return to Morocco under their leader Othman and occupy Fez.
• 1220: Death of the Khwarezmid Shah Muhammad II of Khwarezm, accession of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu.
• 1223: Death of the Almohad ruler Yusuf II, Almohad , accession of Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad . 
• In Spain a brother of Yusuf II, Almohad declares his independence and assumes the title of Al Adil (Abdallah, Almohad ).
• 1224: Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Wahid I, accession of Abdallah, Almohad .
• 1225: Death of the Abbasid An-Nasir

Az-Zahir 37 Abbasid

Mustansir 38 Abbasid

• 1227: Assassination of the Almohad ruler Abdullah Adil, accession of his son, Yahya.
• 1229: Death of the Almohad ruler Yahya, accession of Idris I. The Ayyubid Kamil restores Jerusalem to the Christians.
• 1230: End of the Khwarezmid Empire.
• 1232: Death of the Almohad ruler Idris I
• accession, of Abdul Wahid II.

• 1236: ## Death of Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti ##
• 1236: Death of Delhi Sultan Altamash. Accession of Rukn ud din Firuz.
• 1237: Accession of Razia Sultan as Delhi Sultan.
• 1238 Death of Kamil Ayyubid

Adil II 6th Ayyubid

• 1240 ##### Death of Ibn Arabi ##
• Adil II overthrown by Salih

Salih 7th Ayyubid

• 1241: Death of Razia Sultan, accession of Muiz ud din Bahram.
• 1242: Death of Muiz ud din Bahram, accession of Ala ud din Masud as Delhi Sultan. 
• Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Wahid II, 
• accession of Abu Hasan as-Said Mutadid. 
• Death of the Abbasid Mustansir,

Musta'sim 39 and last Abbasid

• 1244: The Almohad defeat the Marinids at the battle of Abu Bayash. 
• The Marinids evacuate Morocco.
• 1245: The Muslims reconquer Jerusalem.
• 1246: Death of the Delhi Sultan Ala ud din Masud, accession of Nasir ud din Mahmud.

Berke Khan converts to Islam

*************************

• Berke s/o Jochi s/o Ghenghiz, chief of Golden Horde, converts to Islam
• 1248: Death of the Almohad ruler Abu al-Hasan as-Said Mutadid, ambushed in an attack to Tlemcen. Accession of Umar, Almohad
• 1249: Death of Salih Ayyubid

Turan Shah 8th Ayyubid

• 1250: The Marinids return to Morocco, and occupy a greater part thereof.
• 1250: Death of Turan Shah Ayyubid

Ashraf the 8th and last Ayyubid

• 1258: Battle of Baghdad (1258) - 
• The Mongols sack Baghdad. 
• Death of the Abbasid Musta'sim.

######################### End of the Abbasid Empire #########################

• The Mongols under Hulagu Khan establish their rule in Iran and Iraq
• Berke Khan in protest of massacring of Muslims withdraws his contingent from Baghdad.
• 1259: the Hafsid ruler Abd Allah Muhammad declares himself as the Caliph and assumes the name of Al Mustansir.

First defeat of Hulagu Khan army

• 1260: Hulagu Khan's army lead by Naiman Kitbuqa Noyan defeated at Ayn Jalut Syria by the Mamluks of Egypt
• Baibars becomes the Mamluk Sultan.
• 1262: ##### Death of Baha-ud-din Zakariya ##
• 1265: Death of Hulagu Khan. 
• ##### Death of Baba Fareed ##
• 1266: Death of Berke Khan the first Muslim ruler of the Golden Horde

The eighth crusade:

• The crusaders invade Tunisia; failure of the crusade.
• 1267: Malik ul Salih establishes the first Muslim state of Samudra Pasai in Indonesia. 
• Umar, Almohad seeks the help of the Christians, and the Spaniards invade Morocco.
• The Marinids drive away the Spaniards from Morocco.
• Assassination of Umar, Almohad ; accession of Idris II, Almohad .
• 1269: Idris II, Almohad is overthrown by the Marinids, 

End of the Almohad

• The Marinids come to power in Morocco under Abu Yaqub.
• 1270: Death of Mansa Wali the founder of the Muslim rule in Mali.
• 1272: Death of Muhammad I of Granada the founder of the Emirate of Granada. Yaghmurason invades Morocco but meets a reverse at the battle
• 1273: ##### Death of Rumi ##
• 1274: Death of Nasir al-Din Tusi. The Marinids wrest Sijilmasa from the Ziyyanids. 

Ninth and last crusade:

• Under Edward I of England. The crusade ends in fiasco and Edward returns to England.

END OF CRUSADES

#########################

• 1277: Death of Baibars.
• 1280: Battle of Hims.
• ##### Death of Ertugrul ##
• Ascension of Othman 1 as Bey
• 1283: Death of Yaghmurasan. Accession of his son Othman.
• 1285: Tunisis splits in Tunis and Bougie.
• 1286: Death of Ghiyas ud din Balban. 
• Death of Abu Yusuf Yaqub.
• Bughra Khan declares his independence in Bengal under the name of Nasiruddin.

End of the slave dynasty in India 

• 1290: Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji comes into power. 
• Othman embarks on a career of conquest and, by 1290, most of the Central Maghreb is conquered by the Ziyyanids.
• 1291: ## Death Sheikh Saadi ##

Mongol ruler converts to Islam

• 1296: Mongol ruler Ghazan Khan converted to Islam.

************************* RISE OF THE OTTOMON EMPIRE *************************

Othman 1st Ottomon

• 1299: Othman 1 founds Ottomon Empire
• 1299: Mongols invade Syria. 
• The Marinids besiege Tlemcen, the capital of the Ziyyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen. 
• 1301: In Bengal, Rukunuddin Kaikaus, the king of Bengal dies and is succeeded by his brother Shamsuddin Firoz Shah.

• 1302: In Granada, Muhammad II dies and is succeeded by Muhammad III.
• 1304: In the Mongol Ilkhanate, Ghazan dies and is succeeded by his brother Khudabanda Oljeitu.
• 1304: In Algeria, Uthman dies and is succeeded by his son Abu Zayyan Muhammad.
• 1305: In the Khalji Empire, Alauddin Khalji conquers Rajputana.
• 1306: In the Chagatai Khanate, Duwa dies and is succeeded by his son Konchek.
• 1307: In Morocco, the Marinid Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf is assassinated; Abu Thabit accedes to the throne.
• 1308: In the Chagatai Khanate, Konchek is deposed and Taliqu takes power.
• 1308: In Algeria, Abu Zayyan Muhammad and is succeeded by his brother Abu Hammu Musa. 
• In Morocco, Abu Thabit is overthrown by Abu'l-Rabi Sulayman.
• 1309: In the Chagatai Khanate, Taliku is assassinated and Kebek accedes.
• 1309: In Granada, Muhammad III is overthrown by his uncle Abul Juyush Nasr.
• 1310: In the Chagatai Khanate, Kebek is overthrown by his brother Isan Buga.
• 1310: In Morocco, Abu'l Rabi Sulayman is overthrown by Abu Said Uthman.
• 1310: In the Khaljis empire, Alauddin conquers the Deccan.
• 1312: In Tunisia, Abul Baqa is overthrown by Al Lihiani.
• 1313: The Ilkhanate invades Syria, but the Mongols are repulsed.
• 1313: In the Golden Horde Empire, Toktu dies and is succeeded by his nephew Uzbeg.
• 1314: In Kashmir, Rinchan, an adventurer from Baltistan, overthrows Sinha Deva the Raja of Kashmir. Rinchan is converted to Islam and adopts the name of Sultan Sadruddin.
• 1314: In Granada, Abul Juyush is overthrown by his nephew Abul Wahid Ismail.
• 1315: In Tunisia, War breaks out between Bougie and Tunis; Lihani is defeated and killed. Abu Bakr becomes the ruler of Bougie and Tunis.
• 1316: In the Ilkhanate, Oljeitu dies and is succeeded by Abu Said.
• 1316: In the Khaljis Empire, Alauddin dies and Shahabuddin Umar accedes; Malik Kafur, a Hindu convert, usurps power.
• 1318: In the Khalji Empire, Malik Kafur is assassinated, Shahabuddin Umar is deposed, and Qutbuddin Mubarak accedes. In the Chagatai Khanate, 
• Isan Buga is overthrown by Kebek.
• 1320: In the Khalji Empire, Qutbuddin Mubarak is assassinated; Khusro Khan, a Hindu convert, usurps power. 
• Khusro Khan is overthrown by Ghazi Malik.

End of the Khalji Dynasty

• 1320: In Tunisia, Abu Bakr is expelled from Tunis by Abu Imran.
• 1320: In the Tughluq empire, Ghazi Malik founds the Tughluq dynasty.
• 1321: In the Chagatai Khanate, Kebek is succeeded by Hebbishsi, who is later overthrown by Duwa Timur.
• 1322: In the Chagatai Khanate, Duwa Timur is overthrown by Tarmashirin, who converts to Islam.
• 1320: In Bengal, Shamsuddin Firuz dies. The kingdom is divided into two parts. Ghiasuddin Bahadur becomes the ruler of East Bengal with the capital at Sonargaon, Shahabuddin becomes the ruler of West Bengal with the capital at Lakhnauti.
• 1323: Death of Othman I

Orhan 2nd Ottomon

• 1324: In Bengal, Shahabuddin dies and is succeeded by his brother Nasiruddin.
• 1325: In the Tughluq Empire, Ghazi Malik (Ghiasuddin Tughluq) dies and is succeeded by his son Muhammad Tughluq.
• 1325: In Granada, Abul Wahid Ismail is assassinated; he is succeeded by his son Muhammad IV, who is himself assassinated. His brother Abul Hallaj Yusuf accedes to the throne. 
• In the Samudra Pasai empire, Malik al Tahir I dies and is succeeded by Malik al Tahir II.
• 1325: In Bengal, with the help of Ghiasuddin Tughluq, Nasiruddin over-throws Ghiasuddin Bahadur and unites Bengal.
• 1326: In the Ottoman Empire, Osman I dies and is succeeded by Orhan. Orhan conquers Bursa and makes it his capital.
• 1327: The Ottoman Turks capture the city of (Iznik).
• 1329: In the Tughluq empire, Muhammad Tughluq shifts the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in the Deccan.
• 1330: In the Chagatai Khanate, Tarmashirin dies and is succeeded by Changshahi. Amir Hussan establishes the Jalairid Sultanate at Baghdad. In Tunisia, Abu Bakr overthrows Abu Imran, and the state is again united under him. In Bengal, Muhammad bin Tughluq reverses the policy of his father and restores Ghiasuddin Bahadur to the throne of Sonargaon.
• 1331: In the Marinid Empire, Abu Said Othman dies and is succeeded by Abul Hasan. 
• The Tughluqs annex Bengal.
• 1335: In the Ilkhanate, Abu Said dies, and Arpa Koun assumes power. 
• In the Chagatai Khanate, Changshahi is assassinated; Burun accedes to the throne.
• 1336: In the Ilkhanate, Arpa is defeated and killed, and Musa succeeds him. 
• Amir Hussain dies and is succeeded by Hasan Buzurg. 
• The Ottoman Empire annexes the state of Karesi. 
• In Bengal, the Tughluq governor at Sonargaon is assassinated by an armour bearer, who takes power and declares his independence; he assumes the name Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah.
• 1337: In the Ilkhanate, Musa is overthrown, and Muhammad becomes the Sultan. 
• In the Sarbadaran Empire, on the disintegration of the II-Khan rule, Abdur Razaq a military adventurer establishes an independent principality in Khurasan with the capital at Sabzwar. In Persia, upon the disintegration of the Ilkhanate, Mubarazud Din Muhammad establishes the Muzaffarid Empire. 
• In the Ottoman Empire, The Ottomans capture the city of Nicomedia (İzmit). 
• In Algeria, Algeria is occupied by Marinids.
• 1338: In the Ilkhanate, Muhammad is overthrown and succeeded by Sati Beg. Sati Beg marries Sulaiman who becomes the co-ruler.
• 1339: In Kashmir, Sadrud Din dies, and his throne is captured by a Hindu, Udyana Deva. 
• In the Chagatai Khanate, Burun is deposed by Isun Timur. 
• In Bengal, the Tughluq governor at Lakhnauti, Qadr Khan, is assassinated, and power is assumed by the army commander-in-chief, who declares his independence and assumes the title of Alauddin Ali Shah.
• 1340: The Muzaffarid Empire conquers Kirman. 
• In the Chagatai Khanate, Isun Timur is deposed by Muhammad.
• 1341: In the Golden Horde empire, Uzbeg dies and is succeeded by his son Tini Beg.
• 1342: In the Golden Horde empire, Tini Beg is overthrown by his brother Jani Beg.
• 1343: In the Chagatai Khanate, Muhammad is overthrown, and power is captured by Kazan.
• In Bengal, Ilyas, an officer of Alauddin, murders his patron and captures the throne of West Bengal.
• 1344: In the Ilkhanate, Sulaiman is deposed by Anusherwan.
• 1345: In the Samudra Pasai Empire, Malik al Tahir II dies and is succeeded by Tahir III. His rule lasts throughout the 14th century. 
• In Bengal, llyas captures East Bengal, and under him Bengal is again united. He establishes his capital at Gaur.
• 1346: In the Chagatai Khanate, Kazan is deposed by Hayan Kuli. 
• In Tunisia, Abu Bakr dies and is succeeded by his son Fadal. 
• In Kashmir, Udyana Deva dies and the throne is taken by Shah Mirza, who assumes the name of Shah Mir and founds the Shah Mir Dynasty.
• 1347: The Marinids capture Tunisia. 
• In the Bahmanid Empire, Hasan Gangu declares his independence and establishes a state in the Deccan with the capital at Gulbarga.
• 1349: In Kashmir, Shah Mir dies and is succeeded by his son Jamsbed. 
• In Algeria, The Zayanids under Abu Said Othman recapture Algeria.
• 1350: In the Sarbadaran Empire, a revolt erupts against Abdur Razaq. Power is captured by Amir Masud. 
• In Tunisia, Fadal is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abu Ishaq. 
• In Kashmir, Jamshed is overthrown by his step brother Alauddin Ali Sher.
• 1351: In the Marinid Empire, Abul Hasan dies, and is succeeded by Abu Inan. 
• In the Tughluq Empire, Muhammad Tughluq dies and Firuz Shah Tughluq assumes power.
• 1352: The Marinids again capture Algeria. Abu Said Othman is taken captive and killed.
• 1353: The Ilkhanate ends. 
• The Ottoman Empire acquires the fortress of Tympa on the European side of the Hollespoint. 
• The Muzaffarids conquer Shiraz and establish their capital there.
• 1354: The Muzaffarids annex Isfahan. 
• In Granada, Abu Hallaj Yusuf is assassinated; his son Muhammad V succeeds him.
• 1356: In the Jalayar Empire, Death of Hasan Buzurg, succession of his son Owaia.
• 1357: In the Golden Horde Empire, Death of Jani Beg, succession of Berdi Beg.
• 1358: In the Bahmanid Empire, Death of Hasan Gangu, accession of his son Muhammad Shah. 
• In the Muzaffarid Empire, Death of Mubarazuddin Muhammad; accession of Shah Shuja. 
• In the Marinid Empire, Assassination of Abu Inan, succession of Abu Bakr Said. 
• In Bengal, Death of Ilyas, succession of his son Sikandar Shah.
• 1359: In the Ottoman Empire, Death of Orhan, succession of Murad I. 
• In the Muzaffarid Empire, Shah Shuja deposed by his brother Shah Mahmud. 
• In Tunisia, Abul Abbas a nephew of Abu Ishaq revolts and establishes his rule in Bougie. 
• In Algeria, The Zayanids under Abu Hamuw II recapture Algeria. 
• In the Marinid Empire, Abu Bakr Said overthrown by Abu Salim Ibrahim. 
• In Granada, Muhammad V loses the throne in palace revolution, succeeded by Ismail. 
• In the Golden Horde, Death of Berdi Beg, succession of Qulpa.
• 1360: In the Muzaffarid Empire, Death of Shah Mahmud. Shah Shuja recaptures power. 
• In the Chagatai Khanate, Power captured by Tughluq Timur. 
• In Granada, Ismail overthrown by his brother-in-law Abu Said.
• 1361: In the Ottoman Empire, Murad I conquers a part of Thrace and establishes his capital at Edirne(Hadriaunus) in Thrace. 
• In the Golden Horde empire, Kulpa overthrown by his brother Nauroz. 
• In the Marinid Empire, Abu Salim Ibrahim overthrown by Abu Umar. Abu Umar overthrown by Abu Zayyan.

Murad 3rd Ottomon

• 1362: In the Golden Horde empire, State of anarchy. During 20 years as many as 14 rulers came to the throne and made their exit. 
• In Granada, Abu Said overthrown by Muhammad V who comes to rule for the second time.
• In Kashmir, Death of Alauddin Ali Sher, succeeded by his brother Shahabuddin.
• 1365: In the Ottoman Empire, The Turks defeat a Christian army at the battle of Maritza (Sirp Sindigi). The Byzantine ruler becomes a vassal of the Turks.
• 1366: In the Marinids empire, Assassination of Abu Zayyan, succession of Abu Faris Abdul Aziz.

Rise of Timur

***************

• 1369: Power captured by Amir Timur. End of the rule of the Chughills. 
• Amir Timur captures power in Transoxiana. 
• In Tunisia, Death of Abu Ishaq. Succession of his son Abu Baqa Khalid.
• 1370: In Tunisia, Abu Baqa overthrown by Abul Abbas under whom the state is reunited. 
• In the Sarbadaran empire, Death of Amir Masud, succession of Muhammad Timur.
• 1371: Ottomans capture Bulgaria up to the Balkans.
• 1372: Death of Marinid Abu Faris, succession of Abu Muhammad.
• 1374: Marinid Abu Muhammad overthrown by Abul Abbas.
• 1375: In the Sarbadaran Empire, Deposition of Muhammad Aytimur power captured by Shamsuddin. 
• In the Jalayar empire, Death of Owais, succession by his son Hussain.
• 1376: In Kashmir, Death of Shahabuddin, succeeded by his brother Qutbuddin.
• 1377: In the Bahmanids empire, death of Muhammad Shah, succeeded by his son Mujahid.
• 1378: In the Bahmanids empire, assassination of Mujahid, the throne being seized by his uncle Dawud.
• 1379: Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Bairam Khawaja found the independent principality of the Turkomans of the Black Sheep and established his capital at Van in Armenia. 
• In the Bahmanids empire, Assassination of Daud; accession of Muhammad Khan.
• 1380: In the Golden Horde empire, Power is captured by Tokhtamysh, a prince of the White Horde of Siberia. 
• In Amir Timur's empire, Amir Timur crosses the Oxus and conquers Khurasan and Herat. Amir Timur invades Persia and subjugates the Muzaffarids and Mazandaran.
• 1381: In Amir Timur's empire, annexation of Sistan, capture of Qandhar.
• 1384: In Amir Timur's empire, conquest of Astrabad, Mazandaran, Rey and Sultaniyah. 
• In the Muzaffarids empire, Death of Shah Shuja, accession of his son Zainul Abdin. 
• In the Marinid Empire, Abul Abbas overthrown by Mustansir. Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Death of Bairam Khawaja, succession of Qara Muhammad.
• 1386: In Amir Timur's empire, Annexation of Azarbaijan, Georgea overrun. Subjugation of Gilan and Shirvan. Turkomans of the Black Sheep defeated. 
• In the Marinid Empire, Death of Mustansir, succession of Muhammad.
• 1387: In the Marinid Empire, Muhammad overthrown by Abul Abbas who comes to power for the second time.
• 1388: In Algeria, death of Abu Hamuw II, succession of Abu Tashfin. 
• In the Tughluqs empire, Death of Firuz Shah Tughluq, succeeded by his grandson Ghiasuddin Tughluq II.

Bayezid 4 Ottomon

• 1389: In the Muzaffarid Empire, death of the poet Hafiz Shirazi. 
• In the Tughluqs empire, Death of Ghiasuddin Tughluq II, accession: of Abu Bakr Tughluq Shah. Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, death of Qara Muhammad. succession of Qara Yusuf.
• In Ottoman Empire Murad I fought the Battle of Kosovo against Christian army from Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hungary and Wallachia. 
• Murad I was assassinated at the end of this battle and Yildirim Beyazid I became the new Sultan.
• 1390: In the Tughluqs empire, Abu Bakr overthrow by Nasiruddin Tughluq. 
• In Bengal, Death of Sikandar Shah, accession of his son Ghiasud. 
• In the Burji Mamluks empire, The rule of the Burji Mamluks rounded by Saifuddin Barquq. 
• In Tunisia, the city of Mahdia is besieged by a French crusader army.
• 1391: In Amir Timur's empire, Annexation of Fars. 
• In the Muzaffarid Empire, Annexation of the Muzaffarids by Amir Timur. 
• In Granada, Death of Muhammad V, succession of his son Abu Hallaj Yusuf II.
• 1392: In the Jalayar empire, Death of Hussain, succession of his son Ahmad. 
• In Granada, Death of Abu Hallaj; succession of Muhammad VI.
• 1393: Amir Timur defeats Tiktomish, the ruler of the Golden Horde. Capture of the Jalayar dominions by Amir Timur. 
• In the Marinid Empire, Death of Abul Abbas; succession of Abu Faris II.
• 1394: Amir Timur defeats the Duke of Moscow. 
• In the Tughluqs empire, Death of Nasiruddin Tugluq, accession of Alauddin Sikandar Shah.
• In Kashmir, Death of Qutbuddin. 
• Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Qara Othman established the rule of the White Sheep Turkomans in Diyarbekr.
• 1395: In the Golden Horde empire, Amir Timur defeated Toktamish and razes Serai to the ground. End of the rule of the Golden Horde. 
• Annexation of Iraq by Amir Timur. 
• In the Tughluqs empire, Death of Sikandar Shah. Accession of Muhammad Shah.
• 1396: In the Amir Timur's empire, Destruction of Sarai, and of the rule of the Golden Horde. 
• In the Sarbadaran empire, Principality annexed by Amir Timur. 
• In Ottoman Empire Sultan Yildirim Beyazid I at the Battle of Nicopoli defeated an army of Christian Crusaders.
• 1397: In the Bahmanids empire, Death of Muhammad Khan.
• 1398: In the Amir Timur's empire, Campaign in India. 
• In the Marinid Empire, Death of Abu Faris II. 
• In the Tughluqs empire, Invasion of Amir Timur, Mahmud Shah escapes from the capital. 
• In Morocco, Death of the Marinid Sultan Abu Faris II; succession of his son Abu Said Othman.
• 1399: In the Amir Timur's empire, Campaign in Iraq and Syria. 
• In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Saifuddin Barquq, succession of his son Nasiruddin in Faraj.
• 1400: In the Burji Mamluks empire, The Mamluks lost Syria which was occupied by Amir Timur.
• 1401: In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Timur Qutluq, the ruler, installed by Amir Timur. accession of Shadi Beg.
• 1402: In the Ottoman Turks empire, Defeat of Bayazid at the battle of Ankara, taken captive Amir Timur.
• 1403: In the Ottoman Turks empire, Muhammad I, the son of Bayazid ascended the throne.
• 1405: In the Timurids empire, Death of Amir Timur, succession of his son Shah Rukh.
• 1407: In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Shadi Beg, installation of Faulad Khan by the king maker Edigu.
• 1410: In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Faulad Khan, installation of Timur.
• 1412: In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Timur, installation of Jalaluddin. In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Nasiruddin Faraj, succession of Al Muayyad.

Mehmed 5th Ottomon

• 1413: In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Jalaluddin, installation of Karim Bardo.
• 1414: In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Karim Bardo, installation of Kubak Khan.
• 1416: In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Kubak Khan, installation of Jahar Balrawi. Deposition of Jahar Balrawi, installation of Chaighray.
• 1419: In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Edigu, overthrow of Chaighray, power captured by Ulugh Muhammad.
• 1420: In the Golden Horde empire, Ulugh Muhammad overthrown by Daulat Bairawi. Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Death of Qara Yusuf; succession of his son Qara Iskandar. In Morocco, Assassination of Abu Said Othman; succession of his infant son Abdul Haq.

Murad II 6th Ottomon

• 1421: In the Ottoman Turks empire, Death of Muhammad I; accession of his son Murad II. In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Al Muayyad, succession of Muzaffar Ahmad. Muzaffar Ahmad overthrown by Amir Saifuddin Tata, Death of Saifuddin Tata, succession of his son Muhammad. Muhammad overthrown by Amir Barsbay.
• 1424: In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Daulat Bairawi, succession of Berk. In Algeria, The Halsida of Tunisia occupy Algeria. This state of affairs continued throughout the fifteenth century.
• 1425: In the Uzbegs empire, Abul Khayr, a prince of the house of Uzbeg declare his independence in the western part of Siberia.
• 1427: In the Golden Horde empire, Berk overthrown by Ulugh Muhammad who captured power for the second time.
• 1430: In the Uzbegs empire, Abul Khayr occupies Khawarazm.
• 1434: Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Deposition of Qara Iskandar; installation of his brother Jahan Shah. Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Death of Qara Othman, succession of his son Ali Beg. In Tunisia, Death of Abul Faris after a rule of forty years, succession of his son Abu Abdullah Muhammad.
• 1435: In Tunisia, Deposition of Abu Abdullah Muhammad, power captured by Abu Umar Othman.
• 1438: In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Barsbay, accession of his minor son Jamaluddin Yusuf; Yusuf overthrown and power captured by the Chief Minister Saifuddin Gakmuk. Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Ali Beg overthrown by his brother Hamza.
• 1439: In the Golden Horde empire, Ulugh Muhammad withdrew from Sarai and found the principality of Qazan. Said Ahmad came to power in Sarai.
• 1440: Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Hamza overthrown by Jahangir a son of Ali Beg.
• 1441: In the Golden Horde empire, Crimea seceded from Sarai.

Mehmed II 7th Ottomon

• 1444: Mehmed II aka Sultan Mohammed Fatih
• 1446: In the Timurids empire, Death of Shah Rukh, succession of Ulugh Beg. In the Ottoman Turks empire, Second battle of Kossova resulting in the victory of the Turks. Serbia annexed to Turkey and Bosnia became its vassal.
• 1447: In the Golden Horde empire, Astra Khan seceded from Sarai.
• 1449: In the Uzbegs empire, Abul Khayr captures Farghana. In the Timurids empire, Death of Ulugh Beg, succession of Abdul Latif.
• 1450: In the Timurids empire, Assassination of Abdul Latif, accession of Abu Said.
• 1451: In the Ottoman Turks empire, Death of Murad II; accession of his son Muhammad II.

Conquest of Constantinople
*************************

• 1453: In the Ottoman Turks empire, Capture of Constantinople by the Turks. Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Death of Jahangir; accession of his son Uzun Hasan. In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Gakmuk. succession of his son Fakhruddin Othman. Othman overthrown by the Mamluk General Saifuddin Inal.
• 1454: In the Ottoman Turks empire, Attack against Wallachia, Wallachia became a vassal state of Turkey.
• 1456: Ottoman Annex Serbia.
• 1461: Ottoman Annex Bosnia and Herzogovina. 
• In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Saifuddin Inal, succession of his son Shahabuddin Ahmad. 
• Shahabuddin Ahmad overthrown by the Mamluk General Saifuddin Khushqadam.
• 1462: Ottoman Annex Albania.
• 1465: In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Said Ahmad, succession of his son Khan Ahmad. In Morocco, 
• Assassination of Abdul Haq. End of the Marinid rule. Power snatched by Sharif Muhammad al Jati.
• 1467: Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Death of Jahan Shah, end of the rule of the Black Sheep Turkoman rule. Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Jahan Shah of the Black Sheep attacked the White Sheep. Jahan Shah was defeated and the Black Sheep territories annexed by the White Sheep. 
• In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Khushqadam, accession of his son Saifuddin Yel Bey. Deposition of Yel Bey, power captured by the Mamluk General Temur Bugha.
• 1468: In the Uzbegs empire, Death of Abul Khayr, succession of his son Haidar Sultan. Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Uzun Hasan defeated the Timurids at the battle of Qarabagh whereby the White Sheep became the masters of Persia and Khurasan. 
• In the Burji Mamluks empire, Deposition of Femur Bugha, power captured by the Mamluk General Qait Bay.
• 1469: In the Timurids empire, Death of Abu Said, disintegration of the Timurid state. 
• In Khurasan Hussain Baygara came to power and he ruled during the remaining years of the fifteenth century.
• 1472: In Morocco, Sharif Muhammad al Jati overthrown by the Wattisid chief Muhammad al Shaikh who establishes the rule of the Wattisid dynasty.
• 1473: Ottoman War against Persia; Persians defeated.
• 1475: Ottoman Annex Crimea. War against Venice. Tukey became the master of the Aegean Sea.
• 1478: Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Death of Uzun Hasan, succession of his son Khalil.
• 1479: Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Khalil overthrown by his uncle Yaqub.
• 1480: In the Golden Horde empire, Assassination of Khan Ahmad, succession of his son Said Ahmad II.

1481: Bayezid II 8th Ottomon

• 1481: In the Golden Horde empire, Said Ahmad I1 overthrown by his brother Murtada
• 1488: In the Uzbegs empire, Death of Haider Sultan, succession of his nephew Shaybani Khan. In Tunisia, Death of Abu Umar Othman after a rule of 52 years, succession of Abu Zikriya Yahya.
• 1489: In Tunisia, Abu Zikriya Yahya overthrown by Abul Mumin.
• 1490: In Tunisia, Abul Mumin overthrown, power recaptured by Abu Yahya.
• 1493: Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Death of Yaqub. accession of his son Bayangir.
• 1495: Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Bayangir overthown by his cousin Rustam.
• 1496: In the Burji Mamluks empire, Abdication of Qait Bay, succession of his son Nasir Muhammad.
• 1497: Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Rustam overthrown by Ahmad. Anarchy and fragmentation.
• 1498: In the Burji Mamluks empire, Deposition of Nasir Muhammad, power captured by Zahir Kanauh.
• 1499: In the Uzbegs empire, Shayhani Khan conquered Transoxiana. In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Murtada, succession of Said Ahmad III." In the Ottoman Turks empire, The Turks defeated the Venetian fleet in the battle of Lepanto.
• 1500: In the Burji Mamluks empire, Zahir Kanauh overthrown by Ashraf Gan Balat.
• 1501: Isamil I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion.
• 1507: The Portuguese under d'Albuquerque establish strongholds in the Persian Gulf.
• 1508: Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, End of the White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their territories by the Safawids.
• 1511: D'Albuquerque conquers Malacca from the Muslims.

1512: Selim I 9th Ottomon

• 1517: The Ottoman Sultan Selim Yavuz ("the Grim") defeats the Mamluks and conquers Egypt.

1520: Suleiman I 10th Ottomon

• 1520: The reign of Sulayman the Magnificent begins.
• 1526: Louis of Hungary dies at the Battle of Mohacs.

Rise of Moghul Empire

*******************

1526: Bābur 1th Moghul

• 1526: The Battle of Panipat in India, and the Moghul conquest; Babur makes his capital at Delhi and Agra.
• 1528: The Ottomans take Buda in Hungary.
• 1529: Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna.

1530: Humayun 2th Moghul

• 1550: The architect Sinan builds the Suleymaniye mosque in Istanbul.
• 1550: The rise of the Muslim kingdom of Atjeh in Sumatra.
• 1550: Islam spreads to Java, the Moluccas, and Borneo.

1556: Akbar 3th Moghul

• 1566: The death of Sulayman the Magnificent.

1566: Selim II 11th Ottomon

• 1568: Alpujarra uprising of the Moriscos (Muslims forcibly converted to Catholicism) in Spain.
• 1571: The Ottomans are defeated at the naval Battle of Lepanto, and their dominance in the Mediterranean is brought to a close.

1574: Murad III 12th Ottomon

• 1578: The Battle of the Three Kings at Qasr al-Kabir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed.
• 1588: Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas I begins.
• 1591: Mustaili Ismailis split into Sulaymanis and Daudis.

1595: Mehmed III 13th Ottomon

• 1600: Sind annexed by the Mughals. End of the Arghun rule in Sind.
• 1601: Khandesh annexed by the Mughals.
• 1603: Battle of Urmiyah. Turks suffer defeat. Persia occupies Tabriz, Mesopotamia, Mosul, Diyarbekr
• Death of Muhammad III

1603: Ahmed I 14th Ottomon

• In Morocco al Shaikh died.
• 1604: In Indonesia death of Alauddin Rayat Shah, Sultan of Acheh, accession of Ali Rayat Shah III.
• 1605: Death of the Mughal emperor Akbar

1605: Jahangir 4th Moghul

• 1607: Annexation of Ahmadnagar by the Mughals.
• 1609: Annexation of Bidar by the Mughals
• 1611: Kuch Behar subjugated by the Mughals.
• 1612: Kamrup annexed by the Mughals.

1617: Mustafa I 15th Ottomon,

• Deposition of Mustafa due to mental instability.

1618: Osman II 16th Ottomon

• 1618: Tipperah annexed by the Mughals

• 1622: Osman II murdered by Grand Vazier, Mustafa I recaptured power.
• 1633 Mustafa I overthrown

1623: Murad IV 17th Ottomon

• 1625: In Turkey deposition of Mustafa, accession of Murad IV.
• 1627: Death of the Mughal emperor Jahangir

1627: Shah-Jahan 5th Moghul

• 1628: Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas I comes to an end.
• 1629: In Persia death of Shah Abbas; accession of grandson Safi.
• 1631: Death of Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and the lady of Taj Mahal, Agra.
• 1637: Death of Iskandar Muda in Indonesia; accession of Iskandar II.
• 1640: Death of Otthman Sultan Murad IV

1640: Ibrahim 18th Ottomon

• 1641: Turks capture Azov. 
• In Indonesia death of Iskandar II; accession of the Queen Tajul Alam.
• 1642: In Persia death of Shah Safi, accession of Shah Abbas II.
• 1648: In Turkey Ibrahim deposed

1648: Mehmed IV 19th Ottomon

• 1656: Muhammad Kuiprilli becomes the Grand Minister in Turkey.
• 1658: Deposition of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan

1658: Alamgir I 6th Moghul

• 1661: Death of Muhammad Kuiprilli, accession of his son Ahmad Kuiprilli.
• 1667: Death of Shah Abbas II; accession of Shah Sulaiman.
• 1675: Execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur.
• In Indonesia death of the queen Tajul Alam, accession of the queen Nur ul Alam.
• 1676: Death of the Grand Wazir of Turkey Ahmad Kuiprilli, succession by Kara Mustafa.
• 1678: In Indonesia death of the queen Nur ul Alam, accession of the queen Inayat Zakia.
• 1680: Death of Marhatta chieftain Shivaji.
• 1682: Assam annexed by the Mughals. Aurangzeb shifts the capital to Aurangabad in the Deccan.
• 1683: The Turks lift the siege of Vienna and retreat. Kara Mustafa the Grand Wazir executed for the failure of the expedition.
• 1686: Annexation of Bijapur by the Mughals.
• 1687: Golkunda annexed by the Mughals
• Second battle of Mohads. Defeat of the Turks by Austria. 
• Deposition of Muhammad IV

1687: Suleiman II 20th Ottomon

• 1688: In Indonesia death of queen Inayat Zakia, accession of the queen Kamalah.
• 1690: Death of the Ottoman Sultan Sulaiman II

1691: Ahmed II 21th Ottomon

• 1692: Death of the Turk Sultan Ahmad II, accession of Mustafa II.
• 1694: In Persia death of Shah Safi, accession of Shah Hussain.

1695: Mustafa II 22th Ottomon

• 1699: Death of Queen Kamalah.of Indonesia

• 1700: Murshid Quli Khan declares the independence of Bengal and establishes his capital at Murshidabad.

1703: Ahmed III 23th Ottomon

• ***** Birth of Shah Wali Ullah. 
• ***** Birth of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab.
• 1708: Death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb

1708: Bahadur Shah 7th Moghul

• 1711: Turkey defeat Russia at the battle of Pruth.
• 1712: Death of the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah

1712: Jahandar Shah 8th Moghul

1713: Farrukhsiyar 9th Moghul

• 1718: In the war against Austria, Turkey suffers defeat. 
• By the treaty of Passarowich Turkey loses Hungary.
• 1719: Deposition of the Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar 

1719: Rafi ud-Darajat 10th Moghul

1719: Shah Jahan II 11th Moghul

1719: Mohammed Shah Rangeela 12th Moghul

• In Sind the Kalhoras came to power under Nur Muhammad Kalhora.
• 1722:Saadat Khan found the independent state of Oudh. 
• Afghans defeats Persians at Battle of Gulnabad. 
• Shah Mahmud became the masters of a greater part of Persia. 
• Shah Hussain taken captive, accession of Shah Tahmasp II.

1730: Mahmud I 24th Ottomon

• 1730:Zanzibar freed from Portugese rule and occupied by Oreart.

Rise of House of Saud

*************************

• 1744: Muhammad bin Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin signs a pact with Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 
• 1747:Ahmad Shah Durrani established Afghan rule in Afghanistan.

1748: Ahmad Shah Bahadur 13th Moghul

• 1752: Death of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai
• 1752: Ahmed Shah Durrani captured Punjab, Kashmir and Sind.

1754: Alamgir II 14th Moghul

1754: Osman III 25th Ottomon
1757: Mustafa III 26th Ottomon

1759: Shah Jahan III 15th, Shah Alam II 16th Moghul

• 1761: Death of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi.
• 1761: Battle of Panipat. Ahmad Shah Durrani came to India at the invitation of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi and smashed rising Maratha power in the battle of Panipat.
• 1764: Conversion to Islam of Areadi Gaya. ruler of Futa Bandu State in West Sudan.
• 1773: Death of Ahmad Shah Durrani.

1774: Abdülhamid I 27th Ottomon

• 1783: End of Kalhora rule in Sind.

Rise of Qajar Dynasty

******************

• 1794: Mohammad Khan Qajar establishes Qajar Dynasty

1789: Selim III 28th Ottomon

• 1797: Death of Muhammad Khan Qachar, king of Persia.
• 1797: Russia occupied Daghestan.
• 1799: Ranjit Singh declared himself Maharajah of Punjab defeating Afghans.
• 1799: Khoqand declared independent Islamic State.
• 1803: Shah Abdul Aziz ibn Saud assassinated by a Shia fanatic.
• Shah Shuja proclaimed as King of Afghanistan.
• 1805: Ibn Saud captured Madinah defeating the Turk garrison.
• 1804: Othman Dan Fodio established Islamic State of Sokoto in Central Sudan.
• 1805: Faraizi movement launched in Bengal. Muhammad Ali appointed Pasha of Egypt by the Turks.

1806: Akbar Shah II 17th Moghul

• 1806: Khanate of Khiva came into limelight under the rule of Muhammad Rahim Khan.
• 1807: Darqawi sect revolted against Turkish domination. 
• Tunisia repudiated suzerainty of Algeria.

1807: Mustafa IV 29th, Mahmud II 30th Ottomon

• 1811: British occupied Indonesia.
• 1812: Madina fell to Egyptians.
• 1813: Makkah and Taif captured by Egyptian forces and Saudis expelled from Hijaz.
• 1814: Iran executed treaty of alliance with the British known as Definitive Treaty.
• 1814: Death of Ibn Saud II.
• 1814: King Othman of Tunisia assassinated by his cousin Mahmud.
• 1816: British withdrew from Indonesia restoring it to the Dutch.
• 1822: Death of Maulay Ismail in Morocco.
• 1827: Malaya became a preserve of the British according to Anglo- Netherland treaty in 1824.
• 1828: Russia declared war against Turkey.
• 1829: Treaty of Adrianople.
• 1830: France occupied Algeria ending 313 years rule of Turks.
• 1831: Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Ismail fell fighting the Sikhs in Balakot.
• 1832: Turks defeated in the battle of Konia by Egyptian forces.
• 1832: Sayyid Said, King of Oman, shifted his capital to Zanzibar.
• 1834: Abdul Qadir recognised as ruler of the area under his control by the French.

1837: Bahadur Shah II 18th Moghul

1839: Abdülmecid I 31th Ottomon

• 1839: Defeat of Turkey by the Egyptians in the battle of Nisibin.
• 1840: Quadruple Alliance by the European powers to force Egypt to relinquish Syria.
• 1840: British frees occupied Aden.
• 1841: State of Adamawa established by Adams adjacent to Nigeria.
• 1842: Amir Abdul Qadir, ousted from Algeria by the French. crossed over to Morocco.
• 1842: Shah Shuja assassinated ending the Durrani rule in Afghanistan.
• 1847: Amir Abdul Qadir surrendred to France under the condition of safe conduct to a Muslim country of his choice but France violated its pledge and sent him as a captive to France.
• 1849: Death of Muhammad Ali pasha.
• 1850: Ali Muhammad Bab arrested and executed by Iranian government. Qurratul Ain Tabira, a renowned poetess and staunch advocate of Babism also shot dead.
• 1852: Release of Amir Abdul Qadir by Napolean III. He settled in Turkey.
• 1855: Khiva annexed by Russia.
• 1857: British captured Delhi and eliminated Mughal rule in India after 332 years.
• 
  

END OF MOGHUL EMPIRE

#########################

• 1857: Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon in Burma. 
• 1859: Imam Shamil laid down arms before Russian forces.  Islamic State of Daghestan became a Russian province.
• 1860: Maulay Muhammad defeated by Spain.
• 1861: Death of Sultan Abdul-Majid of Turkey.

1861: Abdülaziz I 32th Ottomon

• 1862: Faraizi movement fizzled out after the death of Dadu Miyan..
• 1865: Khoqand State liquidated by Russia.
• 1869: Jamaluddin Afghani exiled from Afghanistan. He proceeded to Egypt.
• 1871: Tunisia recognised suzerainty of Turkey through a Firman.
• 1876: Britain purchased shares of Khediv Ismail in the Suez canal and got involved in Egyptian affairs.

1876: Murad V 33th Ottomon, Abdülhamid II 34th Ottomon

• 1878: Turkey handed over Cyprus to Britain.
• 1878: Adrianople fell to Russia.
• 1879: Jamaluddin Afghani exiled from Egypt.
• 1879: Treaty of Berlin. Turkey lost 4/5 th of its territory in Europe.
• 1881: France invaded Tunisia and the Bey acknowledged supremacy of France as a result of the treaty of Bardo.
• 1881: Muhammad Ahmad declared himself Mahdi in northern Sudan.
• 1882: Egypt came under British military occupation.
• 1883: Death of Amir Abdul Qadir in Damascus.
• 1885: Muhammad Ahmad declared free Government of Sudan under his rule.
• 1885: Death of Mahdi Sudani five months after the occupation of Khartum.
• 1890: End of Banbara State.
• 1895: Afghanistan got Wakhan corridor by an understanding with Russia and British India making Afghan border touch China.
• 1895: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed prophethood.
• 1897: State of Bagirimi occupied by the French.
• 1899: Fall of Mahdi State occupied by the British and the Egyptians jointly.

Rise of Abd al-Aziz bin Saud

• 1901: Ibn Saud (Abd al-Aziz) captures Riyad.
• 1901: French forces occupy Morocco.
• 1904: Morocco becomes a French protectorate under the Conference of Algeciras.
• 1904: The Presian constitution is promoted.
• 1905: The beginning of the Salafiyyah movement in Paris with it's main sphere of influence in Egypt.
• 1907: The beginning of the Young Turks movement in Turkey.

1909: Mehmed V 35th Ottomon

• 1912: The beginning of the Muhammadiyyah reform movement in Indonesia.
• 1914: Under Ottoman rule, secret Arab nationalist societies are formed.
• 1914: World War I.
• 1916: Arab revolt against Ottoman (Turkish) rule. 
• Lawrence of Arabia leads attacks on the Hijaz Railway.
• 1918: Armistice signed with Ottomans on October 30.
• 1918: World War I ends on November 11.
• 1918: Syria and Damascus become a French protectorate.

1918: Mehmed VI 36th Ottomon

• 1921: Abd Allah son of Sharif Husayn in made King of Transjordan.
• 1921: Faysal bin Husayn the other son of Sharif Husayn is made King of Iraq
• 1921: Abd al-Karim leads a revolt against colonial rule in Moroccan Rif, and declares the "Republic of the Rif".
• 1922: Mustafa Kemal abolishes the Turkish Sultanate.
• 1924: The Turkish Caliphate is abolished.

######################### END OF OTTOMON EMPIRE #########################

Fall of Hijaz to Nejdies
#########################

• 1924: King Abd al-Aziz invades Mecca and Medina.

End of Qajar Dynasty

*************************

• 1925: Reza Khan establishes the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran
• 1926: Abd al-Aziz (Ibn Saud) assumes title of King of Najd and Hijaz.
• 1927: Death of Zaghlul, an Egyptian nationalist leader.
• 1928: Turkey is declared a secular state.
• 1928: Hasan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood.
• 1932: Iraq granted independence by League of Nations.
• 1934: King Abd al-Aziz invades Yemen, ruled by Imam Yahya.
• 1934: Peace treaty of Ta'if.
• 1934: Saudi Arabia annexes Asir.
• 1935: Iran becomes the official name of Persia.
• 1936: Increased Jewish immigration provokes Arab-Jewish fighting
• 1939: World War II.
• 1941: British and Russian forces invade Iran.  
• Reza Shah abdicates in favor of his son Muhammad Reza Shah
• 1943: Beginning of Zionist campaign in Palestine.
• 1945: End of World War II.
• 1946: Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria are granted independence from Britain and France.
• 1947: Creation of Pakistan from Muslim majority area in India.
• 1948: Creation of state of Israel. Arab armies suffer defeat in war with Israel.
• 1949: Hasan al-Banna, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, is assassinated.
• 1951: Libya becomes independent.
• 1952: King Faruq of Egypt forced to abdicate.
• 1953: General Zahedi leads coup against Musaddeq, Shah returns to power.
• 1953: Death of King Abd al-Aziz (Ibn Saud) of Saudi Arabia.
• 1956: Morocco becomes independent.
• 1956: Tunisia becomes independent.
• 1957: The Bey of Tunisia is deposed, and Bourguiba becomes becomes president.
• 1962: Algeria becomes independent.
• 1962: Death of Zaydi Imam of Yemen (Ahmad). Crown Prince Bahr succeds him and takes the title Imam Mansur Bi-Llah Muhammad.
• 1965: ##### Malcom X is assassinated.
• 1969: King Idris of Libya is ousted by a coup led by Colonel Qadhdhafi.
• 1973: King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan is overthrown.
• 1975: Death of Elijah Muhammad, 1975: Wallace Warith Deen Muhammad.
• 1978: Lebanese Shia Imam Musa Sadr disappears on a trip to Libya.
• 1979: The Shah leaves Iran on January 15, bringing the Pahlavi dynasty to an end.
• 1979: 21 November- the first day of the 15th Islamic century
• Fanatic students of Medina University take over Kaaba and promote one of them as Mahdi
• 1980: Iraq invades Iran
• 1989: Iran-Iraq war comes to an end 
• 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait
• 1991: Coalition of United States-led forces attack Iraq and take Kuwait